Evidence and inclusion methodology

We evaluate peptide-medicine evidence through two separate lenses: representation and sex analysis.

Representation level

• R1 — Target population represented with useful denominator detail.
• R2 — Women included but important age/life-stage detail missing.
• R3 — Low or unrepresentative participation for the target population.
• R4 — Participation not reported or not interpretable.

Sex-analysis level

• S1 — Prespecified, adequately powered sex-specific or interaction analysis.
• S2 — Prespecified analysis reported but limited precision/power.
• S3 — Post hoc/exploratory subgroup analysis.
• S4 — Women included but no interpretable sex analysis.
• S5 — No human data relevant to the question.

Scores are not treatment ratings. Each badge explains its basis, and we never combine representation and analysis into a single grade.